Picture Made Bigger a Collection Expanded Art Review Nyt January 23 2009

Coordinates: 40°45′41.8″N 73°58′39.four″Due west  /  twoscore.761611°Northward 73.977611°Due west  / 40.761611; -73.977611

Art museum in Manhattan, New York City

Museum of Modern Art

Established	November 7, 1929; 92 years agone  (1929-xi-07)
Location	11 West 53rd Street Manhattan, New York Metropolis
Blazon	Fine art museum
Visitors	706,060 (2020)[i]
Director	Glenn D. Lowry
Public transit access	Subway: Fifth Avenue/53rd Street (​ trains) Coach: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M7, M10, M20, M50, M104
Website	www.moma.org

The Museum of Modern Fine art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and 6th Avenues.

It plays a major role in developing and collecting modern fine art, and is ofttimes identified equally i of the largest and about influential museums of modernistic art in the world.^[2] MoMA's collection offers an overview of modernistic and contemporary art, including works of compages and blueprint, cartoon, painting, sculpture, photography, prints, illustrated books and creative person's books, film, and electronic media.^[3]

The MoMA Library includes approximately 300,000 books and exhibition catalogs, more than than 1,000 periodical titles, and more twoscore,000 files of ephemera about individual artists and groups.^[four] The archives hold primary source material related to the history of mod and gimmicky fine art.^[5]

Information technology attracted 706,060 visitors in 2020, a drib of 60-five per centum from 2019, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Information technology ranked twenty-5th on the listing of most visited fine art museums in the globe in 2020.^[vi]

History [edit]

Heckscher and other buildings (1929–1939) [edit]

The thought for the Museum of Modern Fine art was developed in 1929 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller (married woman of John D. Rockefeller, Jr.) and ii of her friends, Lillie P. Bliss and Mary Quinn Sullivan.^[seven] They became known variously equally "the Ladies" or "the adamantine ladies".^{[8] [9]} They rented pocket-size quarters for the new museum in the Heckscher Building at 730 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan,^[8] and it opened to the public on November seven, 1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash.^[10] Abby Rockefeller had invited A. Conger Goodyear, the former president of the board of trustees of the Albright Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York, to get president of the new museum. Abby became treasurer. At the time, it was America's premier museum devoted exclusively to modern art, and the get-go of its kind in Manhattan to exhibit European modernism.^[11] 1 of Rockefeller'south early recruits for the museum staff was the noted Japanese-American lensman Soichi Sunami (at that fourth dimension all-time known for his portraits of modern dance pioneer Martha Graham), who served the museum as its official documentary photographer from 1930 until 1968.^{[12] [13]}

Goodyear enlisted Paul J. Sachs and Frank Crowninshield to join him as founding trustees. Sachs, the acquaintance director and curator of prints and drawings at the Fogg Museum at Harvard University, was referred to in those days equally a "collector of curators". Goodyear asked him to recommend a director and Sachs suggested Alfred H. Barr, Jr., a promising young protégé. Under Barr'south guidance, the museum's holdings chop-chop expanded from an initial gift of viii prints and one drawing. Its commencement successful loan exhibition was in November 1929, displaying paintings past Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne, and Seurat.^[14]

First housed in half dozen rooms of galleries and offices on the twelfth floor of Manhattan's Heckscher Building,^[xv] on the corner of Fifth Avenue and 57th Street, the museum moved into three more than temporary locations within the side by side ten years. Abby Rockefeller's husband, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., was adamantly opposed to the museum (too equally to modern art itself) and refused to release funds for the venture, which had to be obtained from other sources and resulted in the frequent shifts of location. Notwithstanding, he eventually donated the country for the current site of the museum, plus other gifts over time, and thus became in effect one of its greatest benefactors.^[16]

During that time the museum initiated many more exhibitions of noted artists, such as the lone Vincent van Gogh exhibition on November iv, 1935. Containing an unprecedented sixty-half dozen oils and fifty drawings from the netherlands, equally well as poignant excerpts from the artist's letters, information technology was a major public success due to Barr's arrangement of the exhibit, and became "a precursor to the agree van Gogh has to this twenty-four hours on the contemporary imagination".^[17]

53rd Street (1939–present) [edit]

1930s to 1950s [edit]

The museum as well gained international prominence with the hugely successful and now famous Picasso retrospective of 1939–forty, held in conjunction with the Art Establish of Chicago. In its range of presented works, it represented a significant reinterpretation of Picasso for future art scholars and historians. This was wholly masterminded by Barr, a Picasso enthusiast, and the exhibition lionized Picasso as the greatest artist of the time, setting the model for all the museum's retrospectives that were to follow.^[18] Boy Leading a Horse was briefly contested over ownership with the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.^[xix] In 1941, MoMA hosted the ground-breaking exhibition, "Indian Art of the United States" (curated past Frederic Huntington Douglas and Rene d'Harnoncourt), that changed the way Native American arts were viewed by the public and exhibited in art museums.

The entrance to The Museum of Modern Fine art

When Abby Rockefeller's son Nelson was selected by the board of trustees to get its president, in 1939, at the historic period of xxx; he was a flamboyant leader and became the prime instigator and funding source of MoMA's publicity, acquisitions, and subsequent expansion into new headquarters on 53rd Street. His brother, David Rockefeller, also joined the museum'south board of trustees, in 1948, and took over the presidency, when Nelson was elected Governor of New York, in 1958.

David subsequently employed the noted architect Philip Johnson to redesign the museum garden and name it in laurels of his mother, the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden. He and the Rockefeller family in general have retained a close association with the museum throughout its history, with the Rockefeller Brothers Fund funding the institution since 1947. Both David Rockefeller, Jr. and Sharon Percy Rockefeller (wife of former senator Jay Rockefeller) sit on the board of trustees.^{[ citation needed ]} After the Rockefeller Guest House at 242 East 52nd Street was completed in 1950, some MoMA functions were held in the firm until 1964.^{[20] [21]}

In 1937, MoMA had shifted to offices and basement galleries in the Fourth dimension-Life Building in Rockefeller Center. Its permanent and current domicile, at present renovated, designed in the International Style by the modernist architects Philip L. Goodwin and Edward Durell Stone, opened to the public on May 10, 1939, attended by an illustrious company of 6,000 people, and with an opening address via radio from the White House by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.^[22]

1958 burn down [edit]

On April 15, 1958, a fire on the second floor destroyed an 18-human foot (5.5 m) long Monet Water Lilies painting (the current Monet H2o Lilies was acquired shortly later on the fire as a replacement). The fire started when workmen installing air-conditioning were smoking near pigment cans, sawdust, and a canvas dropcloth. One worker was killed in the fire and several firefighters were treated for smoke inhalation. Most of the paintings on the floor had been moved for the construction although large paintings including the Monet were left. Art work on the 3rd and fourth floors were evacuated to the Whitney Museum of American Art, which abutted it on the 54th Street side. Among the paintings that were moved was A Sunday Afternoon on the Isle of La Grande Jatte, which had been on loan by the Fine art Institute of Chicago. Visitors and employees to a higher place the fire were evacuated to the roof and then jumped to the roof of an bordering townhouse.^[23]

1960–1982 [edit]

In 1969, the MoMA was at the eye of a controversy over its conclusion to withdraw funding from the iconic anti-war poster And babies. In 1969, the Art Workers Coalition (AWC), a group of New York City artists who opposed the Vietnam War, in collaboration with Museum of Modern Art members Arthur Drexler and Elizabeth Shaw, created an iconic protest poster called And babies.^[24] The poster uses an image by photojournalist Ronald L. Haeberle and references the My Lai Massacre. The Museum of Modernistic Fine art (MoMA) had promised to fund and broadcast the poster, but afterwards seeing the 2 by three foot poster MoMA pulled financing for the projection at the last minute.^{[25] [26]} MoMA's Board of Trustees included Nelson Rockefeller and William Southward. Paley (head of CBS), who reportedly "striking the ceiling" on seeing the proofs of the poster.^[25] The poster was included shortly thereafter in MoMA's Information exhibition of July 2 to September xx, 1970, curated by Kynaston McShine.^[27] Some other controversy involved Pablo Picasso'southward painting Boy Leading a Horse (1905–06), donated to MoMA by William S. Paley in 1964. The condition of the work as existence sold under duress by its German Jewish owners in the 1930s was in dispute. The descendants of the original owners sued MoMA and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, which has some other Picasso painting, Le Moulin de la Galette (1900), once owned by the same family, for return of the works.^[28] Both museums reached a confidential settlement with the descendants before the case went to trial and retained their respective paintings.^{[19] [29] [30]} Both museums had claimed from the kickoff to be the proper owners of these paintings, and that the claims were illegitimate. In a joint statement the 2 museums wrote: "we settled simply to avert the costs of prolonged litigation, and to ensure the public continues to take access to these important paintings."^[31]

1980–1999 [edit]

Stairs in the Museum of Modern Art

Cross-department of the Museum of Modern Fine art

In 1983, the Museum more than doubled its gallery and increased curatorial department by 30 percent, and added an auditorium, 2 restaurants and a bookstore in conjunction with the construction of the 56-story Museum Tower bordering the museum.^[32]

In 1997, the museum undertook a major renovation and expansion designed by Japanese architect Yoshio Taniguchi with Kohn Pedersen Fob. The project, including an increase in MoMA's endowment to encompass operating expenses, cost $858 1000000 in total. The project about doubled the space for MoMA'southward exhibitions and programs and features 630,000 square anxiety (59,000 m²) of infinite. The Peggy and David Rockefeller Building on the western portion of the site houses the chief exhibition galleries, and The Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Didactics and Inquiry Edifice provides infinite for classrooms, auditoriums, instructor training workshops, and the museum's expanded Library and Athenaeum. These two buildings frame the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden, which was enlarged from its original configuration.

21st century [edit]

The museum was closed for 2 years in connection with the renovation and moved its public-facing operations to a temporary facility called MoMA QNS in Long Island City, Queens. When MoMA reopened in 2004, the renovation was controversial. Some critics thought that Taniguchi's design was a fine example of contemporary architecture, while many others were displeased with aspects of the blueprint, such as the catamenia of the space.^{[33] [34] [35]} In 2005, the museum sold land that it owned west of its existing building to Hines, a Texas real estate developer, under an understanding that reserved space on the lower levels of the building Hines planned to construct at that place for a MoMA expansion.^[36]

In 2011, MoMA acquired an adjacent building constructed and occupied past the American Folk Art Museum on West 53rd Street. The building was a well-regarded structure designed past Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects and was sold in connexion with a financial restructuring of the Folk Fine art Museum.^[37] When MoMA announced that information technology would demolish the building in connection with its expansion, in that location was outcry and considerable discussion virtually the issue, just the museum ultimately proceeded with its original plans.^[38]

The Hines edifice, designed by Jean Nouvel and called 53W53, received structure approval in 2014.^[39] Around the time of Hines' construction approval, MoMA unveiled its expansion plans, which comprehend space in 53W53, equally well as construction on the former site of the American Folk Art Museum.^[twoscore] The expansion plan was developed past the architecture firm Diller Scofidio + Renfro in collaboration with Gensler. The outset phase of construction began in 2014. In June 2017, patrons and the public were welcomed into MoMA to see the completion of the first phase of the $450 million expansion to the museum.^[41]

Spread over three floors of the art mecca off 5th Avenue are 15,000 square-feet (about one,400 square-meters) of reconfigured galleries, a new, 2nd souvenir store, a redesigned cafe and espresso bar and, facing the sculpture garden, two lounges graced with black marble quarried in French republic.^[41]

The museum expansion projection increased the publicly accessibly space past 25% compared to when the Tanaguchi building was completed in 2004.^[42] The expansion allowed for fifty-fifty more than of the museum'due south drove of nigh 200,000 works to be displayed.^[41] The new spaces also let visitors to bask a relaxing sit-downward in i of the two new lounges, or even have a fully catered meal.^[41] The two new lounges include "The Marlene Hess and James D. Zirin Lounge" and "The Daniel and Jane Och Lounge".^{[41] [43]} The goal of this renovation is to aid expand the drove and display of piece of work by women, Latinos, blacks, Asians, and other marginalized communities.^[44] In connectedness with the renovation, MoMA shifted its approach to presenting its holdings, moving abroad from separating the collection past disciplines such every bit painting, design and works on paper toward an integrated chronological presentation that encompasses all areas of the drove.^[42]

The Museum of Modern Art closed for another circular of major renovations from June to Oct 2019.^{[44] [45]} Upon reopening on October 21, 2019, MoMA added 47,000 square feet (4,400 m²) of gallery space,^[46] and its total floor area was 708,000 foursquare feet (65,800 chiliad^two).^[47] The expansion and refurbishment was overseen past the architectural firm of Diller Scofidio + Renfro.^[48] The institution began offering free online classes in Apr 2014.^[49]

Exhibition houses [edit]

The MoMA occasionally has sponsored and hosted temporary exhibition houses, which have reflected seminal ideas in architectural history.

• 1949: exhibition house by Marcel Breuer
• 1950: exhibition house by Gregory Ain^[50]
• 1955: Japanese Exhibition House by Junzo Yoshimura, reinstalled in Philadelphia, PA in 1957–58 and known now equally Shofuso Japanese House and Garden
• 2008: Prefabricated houses planned^{[51] [52] [53]} by:
  • Kieran Timberlake Architects
  • Lawrence Sass
  • System Architects: Jeremy Edmiston and Douglas Gauthier
  • Leo Kaufmann Architects
  • Richard Horden

Artworks [edit]

Claude Monet, Reflections of Clouds on the Water-Lily Swimming, c.1920

Considered by many to have the best collection of modern Western masterpieces in the world, MoMA's holdings include more than 150,000 individual pieces in addition to approximately 22,000 films and iv 1000000 film stills. (Access to the collection of film stills ended in 2002, and the collection is mothballed in a vault in Hamlin, Pennsylvania.^[54]) The collection houses such important and familiar works as the post-obit:

• Francis Bacon, Painting (1946)
• Umberto Boccioni, The Urban center Rises
• Paul Cézanne, The Bather
• Marc Chagall, I and the Village
• Giorgio de Chirico, The Song of Dear
• Salvador Dalí, The Persistence of Memory
• Max Ernst, Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale
• Paul Gauguin, Te aa no areois (The Seed of the Areoi)
• Albert Gleizes, Portrait of Igor Stravinsky, 1914
• Jasper Johns, Flag
• Frida Kahlo, Cocky-Portrait With Cropped Pilus
• Roy Lichtenstein, Drowning Girl
• René Magritte, The Empire of Lights
• René Magritte, Imitation Mirror
• Kazimir Malevich, White on White 1918
• Henri Matisse, The Dance
• Jean Metzinger, Mural, 1912–1914
• Piet Mondrian, Broadway Boogie-Woogie
• Claude Monet, H2o Lilies triptych
• Barnett Newman, Broken Obelisk
• Barnett Newman, Vir Heroicus Sublimis (Man, Heroic and Sublime)
• Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
• Jackson Pollock, One: Number 31, 1950
• Henri Rousseau, The Dream, 1910
• Henri Rousseau, The Sleeping Gypsy
• Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night
• Andy Warhol, Campbell's Soup Cans
• Andrew Wyeth, Christina's World

Selected collection highlights [edit]

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

Information technology besides holds works by a wide range of influential European and American artists including Auguste Rodin, Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Joan Miró, Aristide Maillol, Piet Mondrian, Marcel Duchamp, Paul Klee, Fernand Léger, René Magritte, Henry Moore, Alberto Giacometti, Georgia O'Keeffe, Edward Hopper, Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, Arshile Gorky, Hans Hofmann, Franz Kline, Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, David Smith, Helen Frankenthaler, Morris Louis, Kenneth Noland, Robert Rauschenberg, Frank Stella, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, and hundreds of others.

MoMA developed a world-renowned fine art photography collection beginning under Edward Steichen (1947–1961) and then under Steichen's hand-picked successor John Szarkowski (1962–1991), which included photos by Todd Webb.^[55] The section was founded past Beaumont Newhall in 1940.^[56] Under Szarkowski, it focused on a more than traditionally modernist arroyo to the medium, one that emphasized documentary images and orthodox darkroom techniques.

Film [edit]

In 1932, museum founder Alfred Barr stressed the importance of introducing "the only not bad art form peculiar to the twentieth century" to "the American public which should appreciate good films and support them". Museum Trustee and picture show producer John Hay Whitney became the commencement chairman of the Museum'due south Motion-picture show Library from 1935 to 1951. The collection Whitney assembled with the assist of moving-picture show curator Iris Barry was and so successful that in 1937 the University of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences commended the Museum with an accolade "for its significant work in collecting films ... and for the first fourth dimension making available to the public the means of studying the historical and aesthetic development of the movement moving-picture show as i of the major arts".^[57]

The first curator and founder of the Picture Library was Iris Barry, a British motion-picture show critic and writer, whose three decades of pioneering work in collecting films and presenting them in coherent creative and historical contexts gained recognition for the picture palace equally the major new art form of our century. Barry and her successors have congenital a collection comprising some eight thousand titles today, concentrating on assembling an outstanding collection of the of import works of international motion-picture show art, with emphasis being placed on obtaining the highest-quality materials.^[58]

The exiled film scholar Siegfried Kracauer worked at the MoMA film archive on a psychological history of German movie between 1941 and 1943. The result of his study, From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German language Film (1947), traces the birth of Nazism from the movie house of the Weimar Republic and helped lay the foundation of modern picture show criticism.

Nether the Museum of Modern Art Department of Motion-picture show, the film collection includes more than than 25,000 titles and ranks as one of the world's finest museum archives of international moving picture fine art. The department owns prints of many familiar characteristic-length movies, including Citizen Kane and Vertigo, merely its holdings also contains many less-traditional pieces, including Andy Warhol's eight-hr Empire, Fred Halsted'south gay pornographic L.A. Plays Itself (screened earlier a capacity audition on April 23, 1974), various TV commercials, and Chris Cunningham'due south music video for Björk'southward All Is Full of Love.

Library [edit]

The MoMA library is located in Midtown Manhattan, with offsite storage in Long Island City, Queens. The not-circulating drove documents modernistic and gimmicky art including painting, sculpture, prints, photography, film, performance, and compages from 1880–present. The collection includes 300,000 books, ane,000 periodicals, and forty,000 files most artists and artistic groups. There are over 11,000 artist books in the collection.^[59] The libraries are open by appointment to all researchers. The library's catalog is called "Dadabase".^[four] Dadabase includes records for all of the fabric in the library, including books, creative person books, exhibition catalogs, special collections materials, and electronic resources.^[4] The Museum of Modern Art's drove of artist books includes works past Ed Ruscha, Marcel Broodthaers, Susan Bee, Carl Andre, and David Horvitz.^[threescore]

Additionally, the library has subscription electronic resources along with Dadabase. These include journal databases (such as JSTOR and Fine art Total Text), auction results indexes (ArtFact and Artnet), the ARTstor image database, and WorldCat spousal relationship catalog.^[59]

Architecture and design [edit]

MoMA's Department of Architecture and Design was founded in 1932^[61] as the kickoff museum section in the globe dedicated to the intersection of architecture and blueprint.^[62] The department's first director was Philip Johnson who served every bit curator betwixt 1932–34 and 1946–54.^[63] The side by side departmental head was Arthur Drexler, who was curator from 1951 to 1956 and and then served as head until 1986.^[64]

The collection consists of 28,000 works including architectural models, drawings and photographs.^[61] 1 of the highlights of the drove is the Mies van der Rohe Archive.^[62] It also includes works from such legendary architects and designers as Frank Lloyd Wright,^{[65] [66] [67] [68]} Paul László, the Eameses, Betty Cooke, Isamu Noguchi, and George Nelson. The design collection contains many industrial and manufactured pieces, ranging from a self-aligning brawl bearing to an entire Bong 47D1 helicopter. In 2012, the department caused a pick of 14 video games, the basis of an intended collection of twoscore that is to range from Pac-Man (1980) to Minecraft (2011).^[69]

Management [edit]

Omnipresence [edit]

MoMA attracted 706,060 visitors in 2020, a drop of sixty-five per centum from 2019, due to the COVID-xix pandemic. It ranked 20-fifth on the Listing of nearly visited fine art museums in the globe in 2020.^[6]

MoMA has seen its average number of visitors ascension from about one.five million a year to 2.5 million later on its new granite and glass renovation. In 2009, the museum reported 119,000 members and 2.8 1000000 visitors over the previous fiscal year. MoMA attracted its highest-ever number of visitors, 3.09 1000000, during its 2010 fiscal year;^[70] however, attendance dropped 11 percent to ii.viii million in 2011.^[71] Omnipresence in 2016 was 2.8 meg, down from 3.1 million in 2015.^[72]

The museum was open every day since its founding in 1929, until 1975, when it closed ane mean solar day a week (originally Wednesdays) to reduce operating expenses. In 2012, information technology once again opened every twenty-four hours, including Tuesday, the i day it has traditionally been closed.^[73]

Admission [edit]

The Museum of Mod Fine art charges an admission fee of $25 per adult.^[74] Upon MoMA'due south reopening, its admission price increased from $12 to $xx, making it one of the well-nigh expensive museums in the urban center. However, it has free entry on Fridays after 5:30pm, as part of the Uniqlo Free Friday Nights program. Many New York surface area higher students besides receive free access to the museum.^[75]

Finances [edit]

A private non-profit organization, MoMA is the seventh-largest U.S. museum by budget;^[76] its almanac acquirement is about $145 million (none of which is profit). In 2011, the museum reported cyberspace assets (basically, a total of all the resources it has on its books, except the value of the fine art) of just over $1 billion.

Unlike well-nigh museums, the museum eschews regime funding, instead subsisting on a fragmented budget with a one-half-dozen different sources of income, none larger than a fifth.^[77] Before the economic crisis of late 2008, the MoMA's lath of trustees decided to sell its equities in social club to move into an all-cash position. An $858 1000000 capital letter campaign funded the 2002–04 expansion, with David Rockefeller donating $77 million in cash.^[76] In 2005, Rockefeller pledged an additional $100 million toward the museum's endowment.^[78] In 2011, Moody'southward Investors Service, a bail rating agency, rated $57 million worth of new debt in 2010 with a positive outlook and echoed their Aa2 bond credit rating for the underlying institution. The agency noted that MoMA has "superior fiscal flexibility with over $332 one thousand thousand of unrestricted fiscal resources", and has had solid attendance and record sales at its retail outlets around the city and online. Some of the challenges that Moody'south noted were the reliance that the museum has on the tourist industry in New York for its operating revenue, and a large amount of debt. The museum at the time had a 2.4 debt-to-operating revenues ratio, just it was also noted that MoMA intended to retire $370 one thousand thousand worth of debt in the next few years. Standard & Poor'southward raised its long-term rating for the museum as it benefited from the fundraising of its trustees.^[79] After construction expenses for the new galleries are covered, the Modernistic estimates that some $65 million volition go to its $650 one thousand thousand endowment.

MoMA spent $32 meg to acquire art for the fiscal year ending in June 2012.^[eighty]

MoMA employed nearly 815 people in 2007.^[77] The museum's revenue enhancement filings from the past few years suggest a shift among the highest paid employees from curatorial staff to management.^[81] The museum's director Glenn D. Lowry earned $1.6 one thousand thousand in 2009^[82] and lives in a rent-free $6 one thousand thousand apartment higher up the museum.^[83]

MoMA was forced to close in March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City.^[84] Citing the coronavirus shutdown, MoMA fired its art educators in April 2020.^[85] In May 2020, it was reported that MoMA would reduce its annual budget from $180 to $135 million starting July 1. Exhibition and publication funding was cut past half, and staff reduced from around 960 to 800.^[84]

Key people [edit]

Officers and the board of trustees [edit]

Currently, the board of trustees includes 46 trustees and xv life trustees. Even including the board'southward 14 "honorary" trustees, who exercise not have voting rights and practise non play as directly a part in the museum, this amounts to an average individual contribution of more than than $7 million.^[81] The Founders Wall was created in 2004, when MoMA's expansion was completed, and features the names of actual founders in addition to those who gave significant gifts; about a one-half-dozen names have been added since 2004. For example, Ileana Sonnabend's name was added in 2012, even though she was only 15 when the museum was established in 1929.^[86]

Board of trustees [edit]

Board of trustees:

• Wallis Annenberg
• Sid R. Bass
• Lawrence B. Benenson
• Leon D. Black
• Clarissa Alcock Bronfman
• Patricia Phelps de Cisneros
• Edith Cooper
• Paula Crown
• David Dechman
• Anne Dias-Griffin
• Glenn Dubin
• John Elkann
• Laurence D. Fink
• Kathleen Fuld
• Howard Gardner
• Mimi Haas
• Alexandra A. Herzan
• Marlene Hess
• Jill Kraus
• Marie-Josée Kravis
• Ronald S. Lauder
• Thomas H. Lee
• Michael Lynne
• Khalil Gibran Muhammad
• Philip S. Niarchos
• James G. Niven
• Peter Norton
• Maja Oeri
• Michael South. Ovitz
• David Rockefeller Jr.
• Sharon Percy Rockefeller
• Richard E. Salomon
• Marcus Samuelsson
• Anna Marie Shapiro
• Anna Deavere Smith
• Jerry I. Speyer
• Ricardo Steinbruch
• Daniel Sundheim
• Alice M. Tisch
• Edgar Wachenheim III
• Gary Winnick

Directors [edit]

• Alfred H. Barr, Jr. (1929–1943)
• No director (1943–1949; the chore was handled past the chairman of the museum's coordination committee and the manager of the Curatorial Department)^{[87] [88]}
• Rene d'Harnoncourt (1949–1968)
• Bates Lowry (1968–1969)
• John Brantley Hightower (1970–1972)
• Richard Oldenburg (1972–1995)
• Glenn D. Lowry (1995–present)

Chief curators [edit]

• Philip Johnson, chief curator of architecture and pattern (1932–1934 and 1946–1954)
• Arthur Drexler, principal curator of architecture and pattern (1951–1956)
• Peter Galassi, main curator of photography (1991–2011)^{[56] [89]}
• Cornelia Butler, master curator of drawings (2006–2013)
• Barry Bergdoll, chief curator of architecture and blueprint (2007–2013)
• Rajendra Roy, chief curator of motion picture (2007–present)
• Ann Temkin, primary curator of painting and sculpture (2008–present)^[90]
• Klaus Biesenbach, managing director of MoMA PS1 and chief curator at large (2009–2018)
• Sabine Breitwieser, chief curator of media and performance fine art (2010–2013)
• Christophe Cherix, chief curator of prints and illustrated books (2010–2013), drawings and prints (2013–present)
• Paola Antonelli, managing director of enquiry and development and senior curator of architecture and design (2012–nowadays)
• Quentin Bajac, principal curator of photography (2012–2018)
• Stuart Comer, chief curator of media and performance art (2014–present)
• Martino Stierli, main curator of architecture and design (2015–present)

Controversy [edit]

Women Artists Visibility Event (Due west.A.5.E.) [edit]

On June 14, 1984 the Women Artists Visibility Event (W.A.Five.E.), a sit-in of 400 women artists, was held in front of the newly renovated Museum of Modern Art to protest the lack of female representation in its opening exhibition, "An International Survey of Recent Painting and Sculpture". The exhibition featured 165 artists; only 14 of which those were women.^{[91] [92]}

Art repatriation issues [edit]

The MoMA has been involved in several claims initiated by families for artworks lost in the Holocaust which ended up in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art.^[93]

In 2009, the heirs of German artist George Grosz filed a lawsuit seeking restitution of three works by Grosz, and the heirs of Paul von Mendelssohn-Bartholdy filed a lawsuit enervating the return of the painting by Pablo Picasso, entitled Boy Leading a Equus caballus (1905–1906).^{[94] [95] [96]}

In another instance, after a decade long court fight, in 2015 the MoMA returned a painting entitled Sand Hills past High german artist Ernst Ludwig Kirchner to the Fischer family because it had been stolen by Nazis.^[97]

Strike MoMA [edit]

Strike MoMA is a 2021 movement to strike the museum targeting what its supporters have called the "toxic philanthropy" of the museum's leadership.^{[98] [99]}

See also [edit]

• Listing of museums and cultural institutions in New York City
• List of virtually-visited museums in the United States
• Dorothy Canning Miller
• Sam Hunter
• Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
• Talk to Me (exhibition)
• The Family of Homo showroom (1955)
• WikiProject MoMA

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ The Art Newspaper, List of about-visited museums in 2020, March 31, 2021
2. ^ Kleiner, Fred Due south.; Christin J. Mamiya (2005). "The Development of Modernist Art: The Early 20th Century". Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 796. ISBN978-0-4950-0478-3. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. The Museum of Modern Fine art in New York Urban center is consistently identified as the institution most responsible for developing modernist art ... the most influential museum of modern art in the world.
3. ^ Museum of Modern Art – New York Art Earth Archived February 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
4. ^ ^{a b c} "Library". MoMA. Archived from the original on February five, 2016.
5. ^ "Near the Archives". MoMA. Archived from the original on February 13, 2016.
6. ^ ^{a b} The Art Newspaper annual museum visitor survey, published March 31, 2021
7. ^ "The Museum of Modern Art". The Art Story. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
8. ^ ^{a b} Meecham, Pam; Julie Sheldon (2000). Modern Fine art: A Critical Introduction. Psychology Printing. p. 200. ISBN978-0-415-17235-6.
9. ^ Dilworth, Leah (2003). Acts of Possession: Collecting in America. Rutgers Academy Printing. p. 183. ISBN978-0-8135-3272-i.
10. ^ Grieveson, Lee; Haidee Wasson (November 3, 2008). Inventing Picture Studies. Duke Academy Press. p. 125. ISBN978-0-8223-8867-viii.
11. ^ FitzGerald, Michael (January 1, 1996). Making Modernism: Picasso and the Creation of the Market place for Twentieth-Century Fine art (reprint ed.). Berkeley: Univ of Calif Press. p. 120. ISBN978-0520206533 . Retrieved July 25, 2020. Before the founding of the Museum of Mod Fine art in 1929, hardly whatsoever establishment in the country—and none in Manhattan—would exhibit European modernism.
12. ^ Muir, Kathy. "Soichi Sunami". Seattle Camera Club . Retrieved Dec 31, 2014.
13. ^ Smith, Roberta (September 11, 2015). "Review: Picasso, Completely Himself in 3 Dimensions". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December vi, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
14. ^ Harr, John Ensor; Peter J. Johnson (1988). The Rockefeller Century: Iii Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner'southward Sons. pp. 217–18. ISBN978-0684189369.
15. ^ Horsley, Carter B. "The Crown Edifice (formerly the Heckscher Building)". The City Review. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved Jan 21, 2008.
16. ^ Kert, Bernice (1993). Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Adult female in the Family . New York: Random House. pp. 21, 376, 386. ISBN978-0812970449.
17. ^ Kert 1993, p. 376.
18. ^ FirzGerald 1996, pp. 243–62. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFirzGerald1996 (help)
19. ^ ^{a b} Vogel, Carol (December 8, 2007). "Two Museums Go to Court Over the Right to Picassos". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July i, 2017.
20. ^ "Rockefeller Guest House" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. December v, 2000. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
21. ^ Stern, Robert A. M.; Mellins, Thomas; Fishman, David (1995). New York 1960: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Second World War and the Bicentennial. New York: Monacelli Press. pp. 305–306. ISBN1-885254-02-4. OCLC 32159240.
22. ^ "Art: Beautiful Doings". Time. May 22, 1939. Archived from the original on January 29, 2008.
23. ^ Allen, Greg (September 2, 2010). "MOMA on Burn". the making of: movies, art, &c. Archived from the original on Jan 22, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
24. ^ Holsinger, M. Paul, ed. (1999). "And Babies". War and American Popular Civilisation: A Hisstorical Encyclopedia. Greenwood Printing. p. 363. ISBN978-0313299087. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016.
25. ^ ^{a b} Frascina, Francis (1999). Art, Politics, and Dissent: Aspects of the Fine art Left in Sixties America. Manchester Univ Press. pp. 175–186. ISBN978-0719044694. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016.
26. ^ Sela, Peter Howard; Susan Landauer (January 9, 2006). Art of Engagement: Visual Politics in California and Beyond. Univ of California Printing. p. 46. ISBN978-0520240520. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016.
27. ^ Allan, Kenneth R. (December xv, 2003). "Understanding Information". In Corris, Michael (ed.). Conceptual Fine art, Theory, Myth, and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Printing. pp. 147–148. ISBN978-0521823883.
28. ^ "Pablo Picasso, Le Moulin de la Galette (1900)". Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. Archived from the original on Apr 23, 2017.
29. ^ Itzkoff, Dave (June 19, 2009). "Judge Rebukes Museums for Secret Picasso Settlement". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 9, 2017.
30. ^ Kearney, Christine (February two, 2009). "NY museums settle in claim of Nazi-looted Picassos". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017.
31. ^ "Guggenheim Settles Litigation and Shares Key Findings" (Press release). Guggenheim Museum. March 25, 2009. Archived from the original on December i, 2017.
32. ^ "Museum of Modern Art Expansion". Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
33. ^ Updike, John (November 15, 2004). "Invisible Cathedral". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on September 26, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2010. Zilch in the new edifice is obtrusive, zip is cheap. It feels breathless with unspared expense. It has the enchantment of a bank after hours, of a honeycomb emptied of honey and flooded with a soft glow.
34. ^ Smith, Roberta (November 1, 2006). "Tate Mod's Rightness Versus MoMA'due south Wrongs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved February 27, 2007. The museum's large, bleak, irrevocably formal anteroom atrium ... is infinite that the Modern could sick afford to waste product, and such frivolousness continues in its company amenities: the hard-to-find escalators and elevators, the besides-narrow drinking glass-sided bridges, the ii-star restaurant on prime garden existent estate where at that place should exist an affordable cafeteria ...Yoshio Taniguchi's MoMA is a cute edifice that plain doesn't work.
35. ^ Rybczynski, Witold (March thirty, 2005). "Street Cred: Another Way of Looking at the New MOMA". Slate. Archived from the original on January xx, 2012. Retrieved Feb 27, 2007.
36. ^ Vogel, Ballad (January 3, 2007). "MoMA to Gain Exhibition Space by Selling Next Lot for $125 Million". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 16, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
37. ^ Taylor, Kate (May 10, 2011). "MoMA to Buy Building Used by Museum of Folk Art". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 27, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
38. ^ Pogrebin, Robin (April one, 2014). "Architects Mourn Former Folk Art Museum Edifice". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017.
39. ^ "53W53/MoMA Tower/Belfry Verre Finally Going Upwardly". citty.com. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
40. ^ Pogrebin, Robin (January 8, 2014). "A Grand Redesign of MoMA Does Not Spare a Notable Neighbor". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 9, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
41. ^ ^{a b c d due east} "MoMA expanding its Manhattan infinite, view of NYC outdoors". WTOP News. Associated Press. June 2, 2017. Archived from the original on January xv, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
42. ^ ^{a b} Pogrebin, Robin (June one, 2017). "MoMA'due south Makeover Rethinks the Presentation of Fine art". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved November eight, 2017.
43. ^ Gannon, Devin (May 1, 2017). "MoMA reveals terminal blueprint for $400M expansion". 6sqft. Archived from the original on Jan xvi, 2018. Retrieved Jan 16, 2018.
44. ^ ^{a b} Pogrebin, Robin (February 5, 2019). "MoMA to Shut, Then Open Doors to More Expansive View of Fine art". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
45. ^ Hines, Morgan (October 16, 2019). "'A new MoMA': New York's Museum of Modernistic Art reopening after $450 million expansion". United states Today . Retrieved November xviii, 2019.
46. ^ Paybarah, Azi (October 21, 2019). "MoMA Reopening: Everything You Demand to Know". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved Nov 18, 2019.
47. ^ "MoMA reopens with a $450 1000000 mega-expansion and slick renovation". The Architect's Newspaper. Oct sixteen, 2019. Retrieved Nov 18, 2019.
48. ^ Walsh, Niall Patrick (February 6, 2019). "MoMA Releases Opening Engagement and New Images of Major Diller Scofidio + Renfro Expansion". ArchDaily . Retrieved January 20, 2020.
49. ^ Fox, Alex (April 14, 2020). "The Museum of Mod Art Now Offers Free Online Classes". Smithsonian . Retrieved July 25, 2020.
50. ^ Denzer, Anthony (2008). Gregory Ain: The Modern Dwelling every bit Social Commentary. Rizzoli Publications. ISBN978-0-8478-3062-6. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
51. ^ "MoMA Announces Selection of V Architects to Display Prefabricated Homes Outside Museum in Summertime 2008" (PDF). moma.org.
52. ^ "Home Delivery: Frabricating the Modern Habitation". moma.org.
53. ^ Pogrebin, Robin (January 8, 2008). "Is Prefab Fab? MoMA Plans a Show". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 26, 2014. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
54. ^ McDonald, Boyd; William Due east. Jones (2015). Cruising the Movies: A Sexual Guide to Oldies on Boob tube. South Pasadena, Calif: Semiotext(e). p. 31. ISBN978-1584351719.
55. ^ "Todd Webb, 94, Peripatetic Photographer". The New York Times. April 22, 2000. Archived from the original on Apr 3, 2012. Retrieved October ten, 2010.
56. ^ ^{a b} Smith, Roberta (October 12, 1991). "Peter Galassi Is Modern's Photograph Director". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
57. ^ "History of MoMA Moving picture Collection". MoMA. Archived from the original on Oct 12, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
58. ^ The Museum of Modern Art, New York, Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated, New York, 1997, p. 527^{[ total citation needed ]}
59. ^ ^{a b} "Library Collection FAQ". MoMA. Archived from the original on November four, 2015.
60. ^ "Arcade". New York Art Resources Consortium . Retrieved July 25, 2020.
61. ^ ^{a b} Broome, Beth (November 4, 2011). "A Landmark Acquisition for MoMA's Compages and Design Section". Architectural Tape. Archived from the original on September vii, 2015.
62. ^ ^{a b} Architecture and Design Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Automobile, MoMA, retrieved Nov 30, 2011
63. ^ "Philip Johnson Papers in The Museum of Modern Fine art Archives, 1995". Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine MoMA.
64. ^ "Exhibition Records 1980–1989 in The Museum of Modern Art Archives", MoMA. 2016.
65. ^ Medina, Samuel (January 24, 2014). "Frank Lloyd Wright Exhibition Set to Open at MoMA". Metropolis. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
66. ^ Sullivan, Robert. "Urban Design: Frank Lloyd Wright's Archives on View at MoMA". Faddy. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
67. ^ "Exhibitions: Frank Lloyd Wright and the City: Density vs. Dispersal". MoMA. Archived from the original on October 5, 2015.
68. ^ "Frank Lloyd Wright". MoMA . Retrieved July 25, 2020.
69. ^ Antonelli, Paola (November 29, 2012). "Video Games: 14 in the Collection, for Starters". MoMA. Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
70. ^ Orden, Erica (June 29, 2010). "MoMA Omnipresence Hits Tape Loftier". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
71. ^ Boroff, Philip (January 12, 2012). "MoMA Visitors Fall, Met Museum's Ascension, Led by Blockbusters". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on January 11, 2015.
72. ^ "Visitor figures 2016: Christo helps 1.2 one thousand thousand people to walk on h2o". The Art Newspaper. Archived from the original on December 23, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
73. ^ Vogel, Ballad (September 25, 2012). "MoMA Plans to Be Open Every Day". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
74. ^ "Locations, hours, and admission". MoMA . Retrieved December eight, 2018.
75. ^ "Discounts". MoMA. June 26, 2016. Retrieved Dec 8, 2018.
76. ^ ^{a b} Boroff, Philip (August 10, 2009). "Museum of Modern Art'south Lowry Earned $1.32 Million in 2008–2009". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on October xvi, 2012.
77. ^ ^{a b} Cohen, Arianne (May i, 2007). "A Museum". New York. Archived from the original on March v, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
78. ^ Vogel, Ballad (Apr 13, 2005). "MoMA to Receive Its Largest Cash Gift". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 26, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
79. ^ Kazakina, Katya (April 11, 2012). "S&P Raises Museum of Modern Art's Debt Rating on Management". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on January 11, 2015.
80. ^ Pogrebin, Robin (July 22, 2013). "Qatari Riches Are Buying Art Earth Influence". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
81. ^ ^{a b} Eakin, Hugh (Nov 7, 2004). "MoMA's Funding: A Very Modern Fine art, Indeed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
82. ^ Boroff, Philip (August 1, 2011). "MoMA Raises Access to $25, Paid Managing director Lowry $1.6 One thousand thousand". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on January 11, 2015.
83. ^ Flynn, Kevin; Strom, Stephanie (August ix, 2010). "Plum Benefit to Cultural Mail: Tax-Costless Housing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 14, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
84. ^ ^{a b} Kamp, Justin (May 7, 2020). "Museum of Modern Art Slashes Budget and Staff to Weather COVID-19". Artsy . Retrieved June 25, 2020.
85. ^ McCarthy, Kelly (April 6, 2020). "Coronavirus exposes vulnerability of NYC museums and museum workers". ABC News . Retrieved June 25, 2020.
86. ^ Cohen, Patricia (November 28, 2012). "MoMA Gains Treasure That Met Also Coveted". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on Nov 28, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
87. ^ "Promoted to Director Of Modern Art Museum". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July nineteen, 2014.
88. ^ "A.H. Barr Jr. Retires at Modernistic Museum; Director Since 1929 to Devote His Full Fourth dimension to Writing on Fine art". The New York Times. October 28, 1943. Archived from the original on July 22, 2014.
89. ^ Peces, Juan (February 12, 2018). "The definitive Brassaï bear witness, curated by ex-MoMA star Peter Galassi". British Journal of Photography . Retrieved July 25, 2020.
90. ^ Smith, Jennifer (March 23, 2016). "MoMA Serves Upwardly a New '60s Mix". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 26, 2020.
91. ^ Lubell, Ellen (June 19, 1984). ""Women March on MOMA"". The Village Voice.
92. ^ Shepard, Joan (June fifteen, 1984). ""Women Artists Sentinel MOMA"". New York Daily News.
93. ^ "Practise We Need to Send 'Monuments Men' to MoMA?". www.lootedart.com. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
94. ^ "New evidence in Grosz Nazi loot instance against MoMA | The Fine art Newspaper". December 17, 2020. Archived from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved January nine, 2021.
95. ^ "Schoeps v. Museum of Modern Fine art, 594 F. Supp. 2d 461 – CourtListener.com". CourtListener . Retrieved January 9, 2021.
96. ^ "Haunting MoMA: The Forgotten Story of 'Degenerate' Dealer Alfred Flechtheim". www.lootedart.com . Retrieved January ix, 2021.
97. ^ "New York museum returns painting stolen past Nazis after decade-long battle". world wide web.lootedart.com . Retrieved January 9, 2021.
98. ^ Small, Zachary (May 1, 2021). "MoMA Blocks Protesters Who Planned to Demonstrate Inside". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
99. ^ "Activists' Plan to Bring a March Against Toxic Philanthropy Inside MoMA Ended in Conflicting Accounts of Violence". Artnet News. May three, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.

Sources [edit]

• Allan, Kenneth R. "Agreement Information", in Conceptual Art: Theory, Myth, and Practice. Ed. Michael Corris. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. pp. 144–168.
• Barr, Alfred H; Sandler, Irving; Newman, Amy (January 1, 1986). Defining mod art: selected writings of Alfred H. Barr, Jr . New York: Abrams. ISBN0810907151.
• Bee, Harriet South. and Michelle Elligott. Art in Our Time. A Chronicle of the Museum of Modern Fine art, New York 2004, ISBN 0-87070-001-4.
• Fitzgerald, Michael C. Making Modernism: Picasso and the Creation of the Market for Twentieth-Century Art. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995.
• Geiger, Stephan. The Art of Aggregation. The Museum of Modern Art, 1961. Die neue Realität der Kunst in den frühen sechziger Jahren, (Diss. University Bonn 2005), München 2008, ISBN 978-3-88960-098-1.
• Harr, John Ensor and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Century: Iii Generations of America'south Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988.
• Kert, Bernice. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family. New York: Random House, 1993.
• Lynes, Russell, Practiced Old Modern: An Intimate Portrait of the Museum of Modern Art, New York: Athenaeum, 1973.
• Reich, Cary. The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer 1908–1958. New York: Doubleday, 1996.
• Rockefeller, David (2003). Memoirs. New York: Random House. ISBN978-0812969733.
• Schulze, Franz (June fifteen, 1996). Philip Johnson: Life and Work. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0226740584.
• Staniszewski, Mary Anne (1998). The Ability of Display. A History of Exhibition Installations at the Museum of Modern Art. MIT Press. ISBN978-0262194020.
• Wilson, Kristina (2009). The Modern Eye: Stieglitz, MoMA, and the Art of the Exhibition, 1925–1934. New Haven: Yale Academy Press. ISBN978-0300149166.
• Lowry, Glenn D. (2009). The Museum of Modern Art in this Century. Museum of Modern Art. ISBN978-0870707643.

External links [edit]

• Official website
• MoMA Exhibition History List (1929–Present)
• MoMA Audio
• MoMA's YouTube Channel
• MoMA'south costless online courses on Coursera
• MoMA Learning
• MoMA Magazine
• Jeffers, Wendy (Nov 2004). "Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Patron of the modernistic". Magazine Antiques. 166 (55): 118. 14873617. Archived from the original on February half-dozen, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016 – via EBSCOhost.
• " MoMA to Close, Then Open Doors to a More than Expansive View of Art" New York Times, 2019

carrwain1987.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art

Share this post